Colle's Fracture

Here another example of Colle's fracture.

Spinal cord

Source: neuroanatomyblog

Sensitive Pathways

Corticospinal tract (Motor Pathway)

Lithium Mechanism of Action (MOA)

1.       1^st Line Tx Bipolar Disorder

Works like Na+. Blocks Na Channels

-Cell can’t become too positive

-Cell can’t become too negative

Mood Stabilizer (not acute Dz)

Blocks Relapse & acute Maniac Events

2.       Blocks ADH receptors V2

→ Nephro DI

SIADH Tx

3.       Fools kidney: Holds Li, let go Na

→Hyponatremia

Affects Electrolytes & ion transport

4.       Fools Thyroid (Resembles I)

→Hyponatremia

5.       Fools PTH receptors:

a.       ↑Ca+2, ↓PO4

6.       Phospho Inositol Cascade Inhibition

Inhibits dephospholiration of IP3->IP2, IP2-IP1 and IP1-IP

(inositol recycling steps → ↓PIP2)

7.       ↓DA & NE turnover (↓DA ↓ NE ↑Serotonin)

(IP3 is recycled back to PIP2 by the enzymes inositol monophosphate phosphatase (IMPase) and inositol polyphosphatase phosphatase (IPPase); both of which are inhibited by lithium)

Restrictive lung Diseases

Explain all restrictive lung diseases.


Restrictive: interstitial problem (non-bacterial)

- Small stiff lungs (↓VC)

- Trouble breathing IN → FEV1/FVC >0.8

- ABG: ↓pO2 → ↑RR, ↓pCO2, ↑pH

- CXR: reticulo-nodular pattern, ground-glass appearance

- Die of cor pulmonale

- Ex: NM dz (breathing out is passive), drugs, autoimmune dz

- Tx: Pressure support on ventilator, ↑O2, ↑RR, ↑inspiratory time

Obstrucrive Lung Diseases

Obstructive: airway problem (bacterial)

• Big mucus-filled lungs (RV, Reid index = airway thickness/airway lumen)

•Trouble breathing out → FEV1/FVC < 0.8

• ABG: ↑pC02 → ↑RR, ↓pH

• Die of bronchiectasis

Ex: COPD

Tx: Manipulate rate on ventilator  ↑RR ↑expiratory time, ↑O2 only if needed.
 

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Source: Scientific Illustration

Von-Hippel-Lindau Syndrome