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• Patient presents with ↓ pain and temperature sensation over the lateral aspects of both arms.	What is the lesion?	Syringomyelia.
• Penlight in patient’s right eye produces bilateral pupillary constriction. When moved to	What is the defect?	Atrophy of the left optic nerve.
the left eye, there is paradoxical dilatation.
• Woman involved in a motor vehicle accident cannot turn her head to the left and has right shoulder droop.	What structure is damaged?	Right CN XI (runs through the jugular foramen with CN IX and X), innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
• Man presents with 1 wild, flailing arm.	Where is the lesion?	Contralateral subthalamic nucleus (hemiballismus).
• Patient with cortical lesion does not know that he has a disease.	Where is the lesion?	Right parietal lobe.
• Patient’s tongue protrudes toward the left side, and	Where is the lesion?	Left medulla, CN XII.
patient exhibits a right-sided spastic paralysis.
• Patient cannot blink his right eye or seal his lips.	What is the diagnosis, and which nerve is affected?	Bell’s palsy; CN VII.
• Woman presents with headache, visual disturbance, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea.	What is the diagnosis?	Prolactinoma.
• 43-year-old man experiences dizziness and tinnitus. CT	What is the diagnosis?	Schwannoma.
shows an enlarged internal acoustic meatus.
• 25-year-old woman presents with sudden monocular vision	What is the diagnosis?	Multiple sclerosis.
loss and slightly slurred speech. She has a history of weakness and paresthesias that have resolved.
• 10-year-old child “spaces out” in class (e.g., stops talking midsentence and then continues	What is the diagnosis?	Absence seizures.
as if nothing had happened). During spells, the child has a slight quivering of the lips.

• 23-year-old woman crashes her	Which bone and vessel	Middle meningeal artery and
motorcycle. She initially feels	were injured during the	temporal bone, resulting in an
fine, but minutes later she loses	crash?	epidural hematoma.
consciousness. At the ER, a CT shows an intracranial hemorrhage that does not cross suture lines.
• 38-year-old man with a history of Marfan’s syndrome and hypertension presents with a severe headahche. A spinal tap reveals blood in the CSF.	What is the cause of the man’s head pain?	Subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from a ruptured berry aneurysm
• 78-year-old man with	What structures were	Bridging veins, resulting in
Alzheimer’s disease falls and	damaged by the fall?	subdural hematoma.
presents 3 days later with severe headache and vomiting.